Abstract

This dissertation has three objectives, namely: 1. to examine the origin and historical development of The Sang Hyang Kamahāyānikan; 2. to study the main concept of The Sang Hyang Kamahāyānikan; 3. to analyze the role value of Buddhist Teachings in The Sang Hyang Kamahāyānikan. This Dissertation is a documentary research. The data and observations, limited to the text of Sang Hyang Kamahāyānikan, translation, interpretation and explanation.

Sang Hyang Kamahāyānikan is esoteric Buddhist text. Venerable Mpu Shri Sambhara Surya Warama composed it about 929-947 AD, the successor of Mataram Kingdom, which was shifted to there.The text is restricted for the teachings in the Mahayana school, with focus on the tantric path sacred utterance method. The text has been divided into two parts, each of which can be read independently. The first section, entitled Sang Hyang Kamahāyānan Mantrānāya, consists of 42 Sanskrit verses, each with a related commentary in elaborate old Javanese and regrouped under 11 subtopics and a conclusion. The second section consists of instructions in 86 verses, written mainly in old Javanese, with a few middle level Sanskrit references. Both of the texts are connected. The text is in a question and answer form.the Sang Hyang Kamahāyānikan are set out in four steps. The first, Mahāmārga (the great path); second, Paramabodhimārga or Paramamārga (the supreme path). Third, Mahāguhya (the great secret) and fourth, Paramaguhya (the supreme secret) is the subject of this part of the text. The above practices are entry levels meditation into tantric practices.Sang Hyang Kamahāyānikan teaches how one can attain Buddhahood, i.e. a student must first practice Pāramitā, then described Paramaguhya and Mahaguhya. It also explained the philosophy of Advaya that overcoming the dualism "existence" and "non-existence". In the book, there is a very detailed description of how a tantric yogi prepares himself for the spiritual path, from the start until the implementation of multilevel worships. It is said that the Vajrayana doctrines are meditation towards Five Tathagata. A yogi can attain the purity of mind by worshipping them.

The research was closed with relationship existing between the Sang Hyang Kamahāyānikan and a variety of prototypical Esoteric Buddhist Sanskrit texts, it has been suggested that verses of the Sang Hyang Kamahāyānikan reflect some kind of Tantric initiation ritual, such like as Jāpa Sutra, Mahavairocana Sutra, Ardhyaprajnaparamitasutra, Kriyasamgraha, etc.